Ridgeway Civil War Research Center A virtual examination of artifacts of the American Civil War
	Civil War Buttons
	by Harry Ridgeway

Backmark-Firmin000 Firmin & Sons operated in London England from the 17th century and continue to operate today. Firmin buttons are noted for the best quality of all of the makers, sharp high relief stampings, tight backs, sturdy construction, jewelry like qualities. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172, thirteen backmarks listed, count them to correlate to this list. Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Firmin000.html

Backmark-Firmin100 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS / (cross) LONDON(cross)" dm between outer dotted ring, inner solid ring, English wartime manufacture for the Confederacy. Two part button, large coat size. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin100 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172, item 04. [Plate C-1, 7]

Backmark-Firmin101 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS / (cross) LONDON (cross)" dm between outer ring od dots, inner solid ring, English wartime manufacture for the Confederacy. Two part button, large coat size, 22mm. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin101 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172, item 04. [Plate C-1, 7]

Backmark-Firmin102 Backmark: "FIRMINS / (dot) LONDON (dot) " dm between two solid rings, English wartime manufacture for the Confederacy. Two part button, hat or sleeve size, 14mm to 16mm. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin102 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172.

Backmark-Firmin120 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS / (dot) 153 STRAND LONDON (dot) / & 13 / CONDUIT. ST" dm middle solid ring, flat back, English wartime manufacture for the Confederacy. Two part button, large coat size, 22mm, Research Center: Backmark-Firmin120 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172, item 06. [Plate C-1, 8]

Backmark-Firmin130 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS / (dot) 2 DAWSON ST. DUBLIN (dot) / & STRAND LONDON" dm middle solid ring, flat back, English wartime manufacture for the Confederacy. Two part button, large coat size, 22mm. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin130 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172.

Backmark-Firmin140 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS / (dot) LONDON (dot)" dm between two rings of dots, English wartime manufacture for the Confederacy. Two part button, small coat size, 21mm. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin140 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172.

Backmark-Firmin200 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS / (dot) 13 CONDUIT St LONDON (dot)" rm between two rings of dots, used for civilian buttons. One part button, large coat size, 21mm. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin200 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172.

Backmark-Firmin900 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS LD / (cross) LONDON (cross)" dm between two rings of dots, made by Firmin, the use of LD designation dates manufacture to after 1875, manufactured after the Civil War. Two part button, large coat size, 25mm. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin900 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172.

Backmark-Firmin910 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS LD / (dot) LONDON (dot) / PATENT 2346" dm between two ringsof dots, made by Firmin, the use of LD designation dates manufacture to after 1875, manufactured after the Civil War. Two part button, coat size, 21mm to 23mm. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin910 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172.

Backmark-Firmin950 Backmark: "FIRMIN & SONS / (cross) LONDON (cross)" dm outer rings of dots loosely spaced, inner solid ring, back is slightly convex, manufacturing is sloppy and may or may not have actually been made by Firmin, manufactured 1960's centennial and later. Two part button, coat size, 21mm to 23mm. Research Center: Backmark-Firmin950 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page172.

This is the "Ridgeway Civil War Research Center", a research tool for educational purposes only, and is provided at no cost to the reader. Some of the relics listed are retained in the author's collection, most reside in other collections and are not owned by the author. None of the items listed in this section are for sale, please refer to relicman.com sales listings for items offered for sale. This is a work in progress, I list items as I get to them, there are many patterns that are not listed yet, this list will be regularly updated as I get pictures and descriptions for more items. I will also correct mistakes, so if you see any please tell me. All items listed are believed to be authentic to the Civil War or as otherwise described. Any excavated relics have been recovered from private property with owners permission.This information is available for research purposes, pictures may be used by permission only.

Most information on this page is from:
Uniform Buttons of the United States 1776 - 1865, by Warren K.Tice.
Dating buttons; A Chronology of Button Types, Makers, Retailers & Their Backmarks, by Warren K. Tice.
Directory of American Military Goods Dealers & Makers, by Bruce S. Bazelon and William F. Guinn.
Record of American Uniform and Historical Buttons, Bicentennial Edition, by Alphaeus H. Albert.
Pictures are generally by the author, unless otherwise indicated.

Ridgeway Civil War Research Center, A virtual examination of artifacts of the American Civil War Buttons Research center, buttons, click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Button0000-Index.html. Research center, buttons, click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Button0000-Index.html.

Ridgeway Civil War Research Center, A virtual examination of artifacts of the American Civil War Button backmarks. Research center, button backmarks, click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-000.html. Research center, button backmarks, click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-000.html.

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