Ridgeway Civil War Research Center
A virtual examination of artifacts of the American Civil War
Civil War Buttons

by Harry Ridgeway

Backmark-000-Page4
Backmarks, page 4, S to End.
Research Center: Backmark-000-Page4 .
Backmark summary, page 4.
Backmarks S to end.


Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-000-Page4.html

Backmark-Schuckmann000
Philip Schuckmann, Charleston SC. Research indicates that this retailer or outfitter operated during the Civil War, however buttons bearing his name seem to have been produced after the Civil War mostly for cadets.
Research Center: Backmark-Schuckmann000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 139.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Schuckmann000.html

Backmark-SchurBland000
Schur & Bland, (Bernard D Schur) operated inCharleston South Carolina during the war. Not much is known about this maker.
Research Center: Backmark-SchurBland000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 111.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SchurBland000.html

Backmark-Schuyler000
Schuyler, Hartley, and Graham were partners engaged in the military goods service from 1854 to the 1880s. This firm was a retailer or outfitter, their 1864 catalog illustrated the broad range of goods available.
Research Center: Backmark-Schuyler000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 139.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Schuyler000.html

Backmark-Scovill000
Scovill was by far the most dominant of the Civil War era button manufacturers. The firm was formed in approximately 1850, as a combination of the already substantial Scovill partnerships in business preceding that date and continued until the 1970s. They changed backmark styles frequently, and we are able to generally date the buttons by these changes. Scovill also produced many custom contracts for other outfitters, supplying buttons stamped with the outfitters name, or in other cases with blank or generic stock backs. Two brothers J. M. Lamson Scovill and William Henry Scovill operated the business as a partnership from 1827 to 1840. Buttons of this period are generally marked some variation of JML Scovill .. or Scovills. The Scovill family united with outside partners to form Scovills & Co, which operated from around 1840 to 1850 (when Scovill Manufacturing was formed. Backmarks of this period generally bear some form of Scovills Co. The use of Scovill MG. dates to the early 1850s, it then evolved into Scovill MF'G sometime in the mid 1850s. Backmarks with raised mark depressed channel (rmdc) date to the 1850s, and depressed mark (dm,) backmarks after that. Dates are approximate at best, and some late 1860s marks could be transitional. Further, it is evident that Scovill did not coordinate the company name changes entirely with the names used on the backmarks. For example, names like Scovill, Scovills, and Scovill Co, were simply used as abbreviations of the name in substitution for Scovill Manufacturing Company, this to accomodate the limited space available on smaller size buttons. In addition, some smaller orders were apparently filled using backs left over as surplus from earlier runs, or old dies were reused where new dies or custom designs were not needed.Scovill produced for both the North and the South until hostilities began. It appears that they may have completed some button orders for the South for at least a short period of time after the conflict began, although the extent of that has not been determined and is subject to estimate at best.
Research Center: Backmark-Scovill000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Scovill000.html

Backmark-ShannonMiller000
Shannon & Miller, tentative attribution. Shannan & Miller operated 1866 to 1867 according to Tice.
Research Center: Backmark-ShannonMiller000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 140.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-ShannonMiller000.html

Backmark-SilveredSurfaceWarranted000
Silvered Surface Warranted, generic or trademark backmark, maker is not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-SilveredSurfaceWarranted000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SilveredSurfaceWarranted000.html

Backmark-SimmonsGW000
George W Simmons & Co operated in Boston from 1830's to 1896, all buttons bearing his name were manufactured after the Civil War.
Research Center: Backmark-SimmonsGW000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 140.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SimmonsGW000.html

Backmark-SmithJS000
James S Smith & Co New York.
Research Center: Backmark-SmithJS000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 140.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SmithJS000.html

Backmark-SmithKempWright000
Smith Kemp Wright, Birmingham England.
Research Center: Backmark-SmithKempWright000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 177, six backmarks listed, count then to correlate with this listing.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SmithKempWright000.html

Backmark-SmithWH000
William H. Smith operated generally from the 1830s to around 1858.
Research Center: Backmark-SmithWH000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 141, five backmarks listed but not numbered, so count them to correlate with this listing.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SmithWH000.html

Backmark-SmithYoung000
Smith Young & Company operated in New York from approximately 1830 to around 1858. Backmarks from the partnership generally bear both names but in either order. W H Smith also sold buttons bearing his name solely.
Research Center: Backmark-SmithYoung000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 143, (Young Smith) backmarks listed here are "Smith Young".

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SmithYoung000.html

Backmark-SpiesAW000
Adam W Spies immigrated from Birmingham England in the late 1820's and sold buttons in New York until about 1835. The buttons were probably made in England.
Research Center: Backmark-SpiesAW000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 141, seven backmarks listed, count them to correlate with this list.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SpiesAW000.html

Backmark-StandardColourTrebleGilt000
Standard Colour Treble Gilt, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-StandardColourTrebleGilt000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-StandardColourTrebleGilt000.html

Backmark-Starkey000
Josh Starkey and Samuel Starkey provided buttons to the Federal Navy, and operated in England.
Research Center: Backmark-Starkey000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 164.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Starkey000.html

Backmark-StateArsenal000
State Arsenal Pennsylvania was a custom backmark used by the Pennsylvania state arsenal after the Civil War.
Research Center: Backmark-StateArsenal000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-StateArsenal000.html

Backmark-SteeleJohnson000
Steele & Johnson Manufacturing Co operated in the 1850's followed by Steele & Johnson Button Co from the late 1850's to 1875. This maker was very active, but most buttons producedby them bore the names of the outfitters or other nondescript quality denoted backmarks.
Research Center: Backmark-SteeleJohnson000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 86, thirty five backmarks listed, count them to correlate with this listing.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SteeleJohnson000.html

Backmark-StoutMortonC000
Morton C Stout & Co., operated Baltimore Maryland, late 19th century and later.
Research Center: Backmark-StoutMortonC000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 141.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-StoutMortonC000.html

Backmark-StrongGilt000
Strong Gilt, was a generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-StrongGilt000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-StrongGilt000.html

Backmark-SuperbImperialStandard000
Superb Imperial Standard, a generic or trademark backmark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperbImperialStandard000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperbImperialStandard000.html

Backmark-SuperExtraStrongStandard000
Super Extra Strong Standard is generic or trademark backmark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperExtraStrongStandard000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperExtraStrongStandard000.html

Backmark-SuperfineColour000
Supefine Colour is generic or trademark backmark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperfineColour000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperfineColour000.html

Backmark-SuperfineGoldPlated000
Superfine Gold Plated, a trademark backmark.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperfineGoldPlated000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 82, (Waterbury Button Co.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperfineGoldPlated000.html

Backmark-SuperfineStrongLondon000
Superfine Strong London, generic or trademark, manufacturer not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperfineStrongLondon000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperfineStrongLondon000.html

Backmark-SuperfinParis000
Superfin Paris, a generic or trademark backmark, this is believed to have been manufactured by Scovill.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperfinParis000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 71.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperfinParis000.html

Backmark-SuperiorPlated000
Superior Plated is generic or trademark backmark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperiorPlated000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperiorPlated000.html

Backmark-SuperiorQuality000
Superior Quality is a generic or trade mark backmark, makers not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperiorQuality000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperiorQuality000.html

Backmark-SuperiorQuality-English000
Superior Quality is a generic or trade mark backmark, English manufacture.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperiorQuality-English000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperiorQuality-English000.html

Backmark-SuperiorQuality-SteeleJohnson000
Superior Quality is a generic or trade mark backmark, this series is believed to have been manufactured by Steele & Johnson.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperiorQuality-SteeleJohnson000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 87, (Steele & Johnson), backmarks are not numbered, Superior Quality marks are items 30 to 33, count them correlate with this listing.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperiorQuality-SteeleJohnson000.html

Backmark-SuperiorStrongPlated000
Superior Srong Plated is generic or trademark backmark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-SuperiorStrongPlated000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-SuperiorStrongPlated000.html

Backmark-TaitP000
P Tait & Company, Limerick Ireland is best known for its patented floating shank backs.
Research Center: Backmark-TaitP000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 177.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TaitP000.html

Backmark-Tiffany000
Tiffany, operated New York 1852 to present. This company is well known for artistic metal working, which included a limited offering of miltary buttons around the Civil War.
Research Center: Backmark-Tiffany000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 142.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Tiffany000.html

Backmark-TrebleGilt000
Treble Gilt, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleGilt000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleGilt000.html

Backmark-TrebleGiltOrange000
Treble Gilt Orange, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleGiltOrange000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleGiltOrange000.html

Backmark-TrebleGiltOrangeColour000
Treble Gilt Orange Colour, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleGiltOrangeColour000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleGiltOrangeColour000.html

Backmark-TrebleGiltRichOrange000
Treble Gilt Rich Orange, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleGiltRichOrange000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleGiltRichOrange000.html

Backmark-TrebleGiltStandard000
Treble Gilt Standard Colour, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleGiltStandard000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleGiltStandard000.html

Backmark-TrebleGiltStandardColour000
Treble Gilt Standard Colour, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleGiltStandardColour000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleGiltStandardColour000.html

Backmark-TreblePlated000
Treble Plated, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TreblePlated000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TreblePlated000.html

Backmark-TreblePlatedLondon000
Treble Plated London, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TreblePlatedLondon000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TreblePlatedLondon000.html

Backmark-TrebleRichStandard000
Treble Rich Standard, generic or trademark backmarks denoting quality, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleRichStandard000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 179, unidentified European makers.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleRichStandard000.html

Backmark-TrebleStandard000
Treble Standard, generic or trademark denoting quality.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleStandard000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleStandard000.html

Backmark-TrebleStandardExtraRich000
Treble Standard Extra Rich, generic or trademark denoting quality, English manufacture for the Confederacy.
Research Center: Backmark-TrebleStandardExtraRich000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 179, (unidentified European makers).

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrebleStandardExtraRich000.html

Backmark-TrelonWeldonWeil000
Trelon, Weldon et Weil, operated in Paris France after 1844.
Research Center: Backmark-TrelonWeldonWeil000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 165.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-TrelonWeldonWeil000.html

Backmark-UnitedStates000
United States backmarks were custom backmarks used on 1830's buttons, manufactured for the Federal government. The actual manufacturer is not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-UnitedStates000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, picture of an example is included in Plate B-4, there does not seem to be a text section explaining these backmarks.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-UnitedStates000.html

Backmark-VanWart000
Van Wart Son & Co was an English manufacturer operating from the 1820's. It is not determined as to whether they actually made these buttons, or if either Smith Kemp Wright or C Rowley could have made them. Buttons were clearly made for the Confederacy. Updated research suggests that these buttons were seized by Federal authorities from a captured blockade runner. There are no credible recoveries from southern battlefields or camps.
Research Center: Backmark-VanWart000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 178.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-VanWart000.html

Backmark-Wadhams000
Wadhams, Wolcottville, Connecticut, (now Torrington), operated various partnerships 1830's and 1840's.
Research Center: Backmark-Wadhams000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Wadhams000.html

Backmark-WallisWilliam000
William Wallis, Birmingham England, operated 1790 to 1830's.
Research Center: Backmark-WallisWilliam000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 166.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WallisWilliam000.html

Backmark-Walton000
Walton Brothers operated in New York from 1858 to beyond the Civil War. They obtained a patent for a hat in 1862 and they seemed to have dealt exclusively with the US Marines, they probably subcontracted the buttons with Scovill and sold hats and uniforms. After the Civil War they made industrial machinery and the production of military goods appears to have been limited to the Civil War and not beyond. (Bazelon & McGuinn). Tice states in his backmark book that they probably did not sell buttons bearing their name until after the Civil War.
Research Center: Backmark-Walton000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 142.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Walton000.html

Backmark-Wanamaker000
Wanamaker & Brown, Philadelphia, 1861 to 20th century. This well known retailer began operations during the Civil War, however buttons bearing their name all post date the Civil War.
Research Center: Backmark-Wanamaker000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 142.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Wanamaker000.html

Backmark-WarrantedBestQuality000
Warranted Best Quality, generic or trademark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-WarrantedBestQuality000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WarrantedBestQuality000.html

Backmark-WarrantedDoublePlated000
Warranted Double Plated, generic or trademark, maker not determined, likely English manufacture.
Research Center: Backmark-WarrantedDoublePlated000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WarrantedDoublePlated000.html

Backmark-WarrantedRichOrange000
Warranted Rich Orange, generic or trademark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-WarrantedRichOrange000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WarrantedRichOrange000.html

Backmark-WarrantedRichTreble000
Warranted Rich Treble, generic or trademark, maker likely R & W Robinson.
Research Center: Backmark-WarrantedRichTreble000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 53, (R & W Robinson).

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WarrantedRichTreble000.html

Backmark-WarrantedSuperior000
Warranted Superior, generic or trademark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-WarrantedSuperior000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WarrantedSuperior000.html

Backmark-WarrantedTreblePlated000
Warranted Treble Plated, generic or trademark, maker not determined.
Research Center: Backmark-WarrantedTreblePlated000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WarrantedTreblePlated000.html

Backmark-WaterburyButtonCo000
Waterbury Button Co. began producing buttons under its own name in 1849 and is the only Civil War button producer operating today. WBC did not produce any buttons for any of the southern states before the war or for the Confederacy, but they did produce large quantities for the north.
Research Center: Backmark-WaterburyButtonCo000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 82, 55 backmarks listed, not numbered count the lines to correlate with this listing.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WaterburyButtonCo000.html

Backmark-WaterburyJewelryCo000
Waterbury Jewelry Co. acquired Steele & Johnson in 1856, and produced expensive jewelry along with a very limited offering of military buttons. It ceased operations in 1858, when Steele & Johnson formed a second partnership and acquired it.
Research Center: Backmark-WaterburyJewelryCo000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WaterburyJewelryCo000.html

Backmark-WCT000
WCT, probably means Waterbury or Waterville, Connecticut. This is mark used by one of the early Waterbury producers before 1820. Which maker is yet to be determined.
Research Center: Backmark-WCT000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, not listed.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WCT000.html

Backmark-Webb000
C. Webb operated in London England.
Research Center: Backmark-Webb000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-Webb000.html

Backmark-WeldonCharlesJeremiah000
Charles & Jeremiah Weldon, London.
Research Center: Backmark-WeldonCharlesJeremiah000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 166, and partial duplicate list page 179

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WeldonCharlesJeremiah000.html

Backmark-WendlingerC000
Casper Wendlinger operated during the Civil War, but most of his buttons are definite post war. However there are some backmarks that may be period.
Research Center: Backmark-WendlingerC000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 142.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WendlingerC000.html

Backmark-WhitlockBM000
Benjamin M Whitlock New York, late 19th century.
Research Center: Backmark-WhitlockBM000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 142.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WhitlockBM000.html

Backmark-WildtW000
William Wildt was listed as a jeweler in Richmond Va from 1852 until well after the Civil War. One of his sons, Julia Wildt, moved to Columbia SC and partnered with a German named Klein. Not enough is known about these producers, the shop in Columbia was burned during the war. It is not entirely clear whether buttons were produced at both locations or if the button making was subcontracted with another producer.
Research Center: Backmark-WildtW000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 185.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WildtW000.html

Backmark-WilliamsWR000
William R Williams, operated New York, NY, 1840's.
Research Center: Backmark-WilliamsWR000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WilliamsWR000.html

Backmark-WilsonJH000
James H Wilson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, operated 1870's to around 1900.
Research Center: Backmark-WilsonJH000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 143.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WilsonJH000.html

Backmark-WilsonRE000
R E Wilson, Winston NC. This maker is not listed, CSA buttons bearing this name may have been produced for veterans or the tourist trade, early 20th century.
Research Center: Backmark-WilsonRE000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WilsonRE000.html

Backmark-WiseBielbyHyde000
Wise Bielby Hyde & Co is an English producer operating in Birmingham 1818 to 1825.
Research Center: Backmark-WiseBielbyHyde000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 167.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-WiseBielbyHyde000.html

Backmark-YoungSmith000
Young, Smith & Company operated in New York from approximately 1830 to around 1858. Backmarks from the partnership generally bear both names but in either order. W H Smith also sold buttons bearing his name solely.
Research Center: Backmark-YoungSmith000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 143, twenty backmarks listed, count them to correlate with this listing.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-YoungSmith000.html

Backmark-zblankEnglishManufacture000
Blank backs, (no text), English manufacture, brought in through the blockade .
Research Center: Backmark-zblankEnglishManufacture000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-zblankEnglishManufacture000.html

Backmark-zblankNoText000
Blank backs, (no text), northern USA manufacture.
Research Center: Backmark-zblankNoText000 .

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-zblankNoText000.html

Backmark-zblankSouthernManufacture000
Blank backs, (no text), southern manufacture. Many of the local buttons produced in the many shops of the south employed backs that were unmarked. There are many distinct variations of the unmarked backs and these details of construction will offer clues as to their origins
Research Center: Backmark-zblankSouthernManufacture000 . Reference: Tice, Dating Buttons, page 187.

Details click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-zblankSouthernManufacture000.html


This is the "Ridgeway Civil War Research Center", a research tool for educational purposes only, and is provided at no cost to the reader. Some of the relics listed are retained in the author's collection, most reside in other collections and are not owned by the author. None of the items listed in this section are for sale, please refer to relicman.com sales listings for items offered for sale. This is a work in progress, I list items as I get to them, there are many patterns that are not listed yet, this list will be regularly updated as I get pictures and descriptions for more items. I will also correct mistakes, so if you see any please tell me. All items listed are believed to be authentic to the Civil War or as otherwise described. Any excavated relics have been recovered from private property with owners permission.This information is available for research purposes, pictures may be used by permission only.

Most information on this page is from:
Uniform Buttons of the United States 1776 - 1865, by Warren K.Tice.
Dating buttons; A Chronology of Button Types, Makers, Retailers & Their Backmarks, by Warren K. Tice.
Directory of American Military Goods Dealers & Makers, by Bruce S. Bazelon and William F. Guinn.
Record of American Uniform and Historical Buttons, Bicentennial Edition, by Alphaeus H. Albert.
Pictures are generally by the author, unless otherwise indicated.


Ridgeway Civil War Research Center,
A virtual examination of artifacts of the American Civil War
Buttons
Research center, buttons, click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Button0000-Index.html.

Research center, buttons, click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Button0000-Index.html.

Ridgeway Civil War Research Center,
A virtual examination of artifacts of the American Civil War
Button backmarks.
Research center, button backmarks, click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-000.html.

Research center, button backmarks, click: http://relicman.com/buttons/Backmark-000.html.


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